{
  "slug": "gptscan-propertygpt",
  "name": "GPTScan and PropertyGPT (research)",
  "tagline": "The papers that established LLM plus static analysis and LLM plus formal verification",
  "maintainer": "Academic",
  "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.03314",
  "category": "benchmarks",
  "targets": [
    "Solidity"
  ],
  "approach": "GPTScan: GPT plus static analysis for logic bugs (ICSE 2024); PropertyGPT: retrieval-augmented generation of formal properties (NDSS 2025)",
  "license": "Research",
  "status": "Published",
  "summary": "GPTScan (ICSE 2024) combined GPT with static analysis for Solidity logic bugs, reporting over 90 percent precision on token contracts and 57 percent on large projects with 9 new bugs. PropertyGPT (NDSS 2025) generates formal properties for smart contracts with retrieval augmentation, the ancestor of LLM plus prover tools.",
  "details": [
    "These two papers define the two hybrid patterns most commercial tools now use."
  ],
  "strengths": [
    "Peer reviewed.",
    "Clear methodology."
  ],
  "limits": [
    "Older models.",
    "Research code."
  ],
  "fit": [
    "Read for the methods; do not deploy directly."
  ],
  "references": [
    [
      "GPTScan (arXiv 2308.03314)",
      "https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.03314"
    ],
    [
      "PropertyGPT (arXiv 2405.02580)",
      "https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.02580"
    ]
  ],
  "category_name": "Benchmarks and research",
  "page": "https://agentsast.com/tools/gptscan-propertygpt/",
  "updated": "2026-09-13"
}