GPTScan and PropertyGPT (research): The papers that established LLM plus static analysis and LLM plus formal verification
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GPTScan (ICSE 2024) combined GPT with static analysis for Solidity logic bugs, reporting over 90 percent precision on token contracts and 57 percent on large projects with 9 new bugs. PropertyGPT (NDSS 2025) generates formal properties for smart contracts with retrieval augmentation, the ancestor of LLM plus prover tools.

Maintainer: Academic
Website: https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.03314
Category: Benchmarks and research
Targets: Solidity
Approach: GPTScan: GPT plus static analysis for logic bugs (ICSE 2024); PropertyGPT: retrieval-augmented generation of formal properties (NDSS 2025)
Access: Research
Status: Published
Strengths: Peer reviewed. | Clear methodology.
Limits: Older models. | Research code.
Firms using it: none listed
Sources: https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.03314 | https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.02580

Source page: https://agentsast.com/tools/gptscan-propertygpt/
Compiled by: agentsast editors (https://agentsast.com/about/)
Last reviewed: 2026-09-13